History of Kannur

Introduction: Along the Malabar Coast in the southern state of Kerala, India, lies the historic city of Kannur. Often referred to as the “Land of Looms and Lores,” Kannur boasts a rich tapestry of history, culture, and tradition that has evolved over millennia. 

Etymology

The name Kannur’s origins has couple of origin stories. One of the popular one is that it originated as a shortened version of ‘Kannan Oru’ which means The Land of Lord Krishna. It is also said that Kanathur a village in Kannur District was later called as Kannur.
During the British Rule it was named as ‘Cannanore’. Cannanore is also still in limited usage. The main railway station is still called Cannanore and Kannur interchangeably. Another ancient name mentioned by some Historians and Travellers is “Naura’ and was said to be a port City.

Ancient Period: Kannur’s Dravidian Roots

Kannur was an integral part of the erstwhile Chera Kingdom, one of the Dravidian dynasties that flourished in South India. The Cheras, with their vibrant culture and extensive trade networks, laid the foundation for Kannur’s historical significance.

1.1 The Chera Kingdom: Early Foundations

      • The Early Cheras’  influence on South India.

      • Sangam poetry and the Chera dynasty’s patronage.

    1.2 Trade and Commerce: The Spice Route of the Cheras

        • Kannur’s strategic coastal location and its role in maritime trade.

        • The prominence of spices, particularly black pepper, in the Chera trade network.

      1.3 Cultural Significance: The “Land of Looms and Lores”

          • Kannur’s handloom industry and the art of weaving.

          • Theyyam: The indigenous ritual art form that embodies Kannur’s cultural heritage.

        Chapter 2: Medieval Period: Waves of Dynasties and Colonial Powers As history unfolded, Kannur witnessed the rise and fall of various dynasties, each leaving a distinct imprint on the city’s identity. The Kolathunadu Kingdom, the Zamorins of Calicut, and the Portuguese all played influential roles in shaping Kannur’s destiny.

        2.1 Kolathunadu Kingdom: Kannur’s Ruling Dynasty

            • The reign and contributions of the Kolathunadu Kingdom.

            • Cultural and architectural developments during this period.

          2.2 The Zamorins of Calicut: A Powerful Neighboring Dynasty

              • The Zamorin’s influence on the region and their interactions with Kannur.

              • The dynamics of trade and politics in medieval Kerala.

            2.3 Portuguese Intrigue: The Advent of European Influence

                • Vasco da Gama’s arrival in Calicut in 1498 and its impact on the Malabar Coast.

                • The establishment of Portuguese rule in Kannur and their legacy.

              Chapter 3: Colonial Era: Portuguese, Dutch, and British Intrigues In the 16th century, the Portuguese established their presence in Kannur, building a fort that still stands as a testament to their rule. The Dutch later seized control in 1663, followed by the British in 1790. The European colonial powers not only left a tangible architectural legacy but also contributed to the city’s history through trade, diplomacy, and military presence.

              3.1 Portuguese Dominance: The Arrival of Vasco da Gama

                  • The arrival of Vasco da Gama and the Portuguese in Kannur.

                  • The construction of St. Angelo Fort and its historical significance.

                3.2 Dutch Rule: The Interregnum Period

                    • The Dutch takeover of Kannur and its impact on the city.

                    • Dutch influences on trade, administration, and culture.

                  3.3 British Control: 

                  The British conquest of Kannur and their rule in the 18th and 19th centuries.

                  The Siege of Kannur:

                   

                  The first significant battle between the British and the local powers occurred in 1704 during the Siege of Kannur. The British, led by Admiral William Nicholson and supported by the Zamorin of Calicut, laid siege to the formidable St. Angelo Fort, a Portuguese stronghold. After a prolonged and intense battle, the British emerged victorious, marking the beginning of their influence in the region.

                  The significance of British presence in trade, governance, and military affairs.

                  With the conquest of Kannur, the British East India Company gradually consolidated its control over the town. The St. Angelo Fort became a symbol of British authority, and Kannur served as a crucial center for trade and administration. The British implemented their administrative structure, introducing new laws and systems that would shape the socio-economic landscape of the region.

                  Chapter 4: British Era: Spice Capital and St. Angelo Fort Under British colonial rule, Kannur became a crucial spice capital, and its position as a military stronghold was solidified. The iconic St. Angelo Fort, initially constructed by the Portuguese and later renovated by the British, stands as a silent sentinel to this era.

                  4.1 Kannur’s Role in the Spice Trade

                    • The importance of Kannur in the spice trade during British rule.

                    • The impact on the region’s economy and global spice markets.

                  4.2 St. Angelo Fort: A Monument of History

                    • The architectural and historical significance of St. Angelo Fort.

                    • The fort’s role in defending against various invasions and its cultural heritage.

                  Chapter 5: Post-Independence Period: Politics and Progress With India’s independence in 1947, Kannur was integrated into the newly formed state of Kerala in 1956. The city continued to play an active role in political and social movements.

                  Histrorical Places in Kannur

                  1. St. Angelo Fort (Kannur Fort): This iconic fort is one of Kannur’s most well-known historical monuments. Originally built by the Portuguese in the 16th century, it was later captured and renovated by the British. The fort offers a stunning view of the Arabian Sea and the surrounding area.

                  2. Arakkal Palace: Located in the heart of Kannur, the Arakkal Palace is the former residence of the Arakkal Ali Rajas, the only Muslim royal family in Kerala. The palace is a testament to the rich cultural and historical heritage of the region.

                  3. Moppila Bay: This historic bay played a significant role in trade and maritime activities during ancient and colonial times. It’s a tranquil place for a leisurely walk and offers insights into Kannur’s maritime history.

                  4. Madayipara: An ancient hill in Kannur, Madayipara is known for its rich biodiversity and cultural significance. It is a historical site where various rituals and events are held, particularly during the Madayi Kavu festival.

                  5. Kannur Lighthouse: Located near the St. Angelo Fort, the Kannur Lighthouse is another historical landmark. It was constructed during British colonial rule and is still operational. Visitors can climb to the top for a panoramic view of the coast.

                  6. Rajarajeshwara Temple, Taliparamba: This ancient temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, is one of the oldest temples in Kerala. It boasts intricate and historically significant architecture.